This introduces operations management for plant-based agricultural supply chains, covering: systems thinking with SIPOC; QCDF (Quality, Cost, Delivery, Flexibility); production typologies (job, batch, repetitive/mass, continuous, project); core time measures (Lead/Cycle/Takt); the five stages of discrete processing and layout safety; Theory of Constraints and Drum–Buffer–Rope; SOP/CCP and traceability essentials; pull-based replenishment and FEFO; smart-ag sensing and rule-based alerts; and dual-track KPI design (efficiency and sustainability). Two industry cases are included—Seed Industry (Breeding × Commercialization × Overseas Channels) and Phalaenopsis Orchids (Vertical Integration × Smart Facilities × Uniform Flower Age at Shipment)—to anchor application. Sustainability and smart agriculture are emphasized.