Cell culture techniques remain the foundation of biotechnology and vaccine production. As vaccine production technology advances, the use of animals or eggs for antigen production is being replaced with cell culture technology. In biotechnology, cell cultures are often used for in vitro analysis of immune reaction or cell signalling. Various applications require various cell types and cell lines, each with its own unique properties. This class trains students on the range of techniques of cell isolation, culturing, immune evaluation of cells, virus production, and applications of cells in research and the biotechnology industry.