The purpose of this course is to teach students the production techniques of various veterinary vaccines and diagnostics. The contents include general description of vaccines, structure of antigens and immuogenicity, the immunological basis of immunization, In vitro methods in vaccinology, Convergence of culture systems, adjuvants, vehicles and formulation, vaccines according to their target species, vaccines according to their antigenic target, good manufacturing practices and controls, registration and marketing specific safety requirements for products derived from biotechnology, factor influencing the outcome of vaccination, and future possibilities