This course is designed to train students how to use different analytical instruments and the relevant methods to conduct the necessary experiments needed for their thesis. The observation and analysis items include the external morphology and internal structure of plants, the analysis of organic and inorganic compositions in soils and plants and photosynthesis, etc. The instruments used include various kinds of microscopes, microtomes, spectrophotometers, atomic absorption spectrometers, chromatographic techniques, electrophoretic and photosynthesis measurement apparatus.